A
Abbreviations in commands
acar.cfg
Acceleration analysis
about
dialog box
Accessing
Adams/View
dialog box programming tools
macro programming tools
Ackerman
Ackerman angle
Ackerman error
Actuation Input File Open
Actuation Input File Save
Actuators
about
as symmetrical pairs
defining activity for
defining limits for
joint force, about
joint motion, about
point point, about
Adams dataset
Required statements
Adams/Car
benefits of using
welcome to
what you can do with
Adams/Solver communicator class
Adams/View, accessing
Adding
databases to search list
subroutines to GENDISP
subsystems to assemblies
Adjustable forces
about
pattern statements for
Adjusting mass
Advanced Parallel-link steering system, template
Advanced Templates
twist beam suspension
Air springs
force calculation
modifying
setting trim load
Aligning torque
Analyses
3D road, about
3D road, dialog box
acceleration, about
acceleration, dialog box
braking, about
braking, dialog box
braking-in-turn, about
braking-in-turn, dialog box
constant-radius cornering, about
constant-radius cornering, dialog box
controlling output files
cornering with steer release, about
cornering with steer release, dialog box
data driven
dcf driven, about
drift, about
drift, dialog box
external files, dialog box
fish hook, about
fish hook, dialog box
full-vehicle, introducing
impulse steer, about
impulse steer, dialog box
introducing
ISO lane change, about
ISO lane change, dialog box
lift-off turn-in, about
lift-off turn-in, dialog box
loadcase, about
open-loop steering
opposite wheel travel, about
opposite wheel travel, dialog box
parallel wheel travel, about
parallel wheel travel, dialog box
path optimization, dialog box
power-off cornering, about
power-off cornering, dialog box
power-off straight-line, about
power-off straight-line, dialog box
quasi-static constant-radius cornering, about
quasi-static constant-radius cornering, dialog box
quasi-static constant-velocity cornering, about
quasi-static constant-velocity cornering, dialog box
quasi-static force-moment, about
quasi-static force-moment, dialog box
quasi-static straight-line acceleration, about
quasi-static straight-line acceleration, dialog box
ramp steer, about
ramp steer, dialog box
roll & vertical force, about
roll & vertical force, dialog box
Sandbed
single lane change, about
single lane change, dialog box
single wheel travel, about
single wheel travel, dialog box
SS event manual setup
static loads, about
static loads, dialog box
steering, about
steering, dialog box
step steer, about
step steer, dialog box
straight-line behavior
suspension, introducing
suspension, setting up
swept-sine steer, about
swept-sine steer, dialog box
tilt table, dialog box
wheel travel
Angles, converting
Arm geometry
about
Array communicator class
Assemblies
about returning assembly class
closing, about
creating generic
full-vehicle, create new
getting info about
in file hierarchy
matching communicators during
opening, about
publishing
saving, about
suspension, create new
updating
with mount communicators
Assembling vehicle
Assembly class, returning
Assigning paths to databases
Associativity - showing in Database Navigator
Attachments
joints, about
AutoFlex
about optional module
input file
Automatic mass adjustment
B
Background color
creating
selecting
Base name
removing from string
returning file
Binaries, organizing
Brake torque application
Braking analysis
about
dialog box
Braking-in-turn analysis
about
dialog box
Bumpstops
about creating
about modifying
calculation of force characteristics
introducing
property files
Bundling databases
Bushings
about creating
about modifying
communicator class
introducing
specification in Adams dataset
Buttons
error handling in
in dialog boxes
size of
C
Camber angle
Caster angle
Caster moment arm
cdb_alias2path function
cdb_input2base function
cdb_input2ext functions
cdb_input2file function
cdb_input2full function
cdb_runtime_path_port function
Changing search order
Character, changing single
Checking
matching in strings
user mode
vehicle
Class
determining for model
returning assembly
returning model
Clearing fields in dialog boxes
Closed-loop data
Closing
assemblies, about
subsystems, about
templates, about
Colors
creating background
selecting background
setting for background
Command window
1
,
2
Commands
completing
grouping in undo block
in dialog boxes
miscellaneous information on
syntax rules for entering
syntax rules for entering values
Comments
in commands
Communicator entity class
Communicators
classes of
displaying information for
in SDI test rig
in suspension test rig
matching
matching during assembly
matching with test rigs
naming
roles
testing
types of
Compliance matrix
Component analysis
frequency sweep
set up test rig
Components
actuators
adjustable forces
arm geometry
attachments
bumpstops
bushings
changing definition
condition sensors
construction frames
creating
cylinder geometry
dampers
data elements
deleting
ellipsoid geometry
feedback channels
flexible bodies
gears
general parts
geometry
hardpoints
interface parts
introducing Adams/Car
linear dampers
link geometry
modifying
mount parts
naming convention
nonlinear beams
nonlinear dampers
outline geometry
parameter variables
parameters, modifying
property files, modifying
reboundstops
requests
springs
strut modeling
switch parts
system elements
Condition sensors
about
Configuration files
about
example of
format of
managing databases using
managing property files using
managing tables using
managing test rigs using
setting databases in
using keywords for
Constant-radius cornering analysis
about
dialog box
Construction frames
about
location options for
orientation options for
Construction options
dual-path strut mount
Control method, specifying
Convel joint
Convention for naming components
Conventions
for naming communicators
for using GENDISP
in template descriptions
Conversion factor, returning
Conversion functions
convert_from_units function
convert_to_radians function
convert_units function
Converting
angles
units
Coordinate window
Cornering events
Cornering with steer release analysis
about
dialog box
Couplers
nonlinear
Rotational to rotational
Rotational to translational using splines
Course events
Creating
bumpstops
bushings
custom menus
dampers
databases
dialog boxes
dialog boxes for templates
driver control data (.dcd) files
generic assemblies
macros
mini-maneuver blocks
plots using plot configuration files
push buttons
1
,
2
springs
subsystems
tables
templates
test-rig templates
topology for templates
Cylinder geometry
about
Cylindrical joint
D
Dampers
about creating
about modifying
introducing
Damping, computation of forces
Data blocks
plot
plot-curve
Data elements
Database functions
Database lookup functions
Database Navigator
about
associativity
displaying
Information
setting object appearance
Database units, returning conversion factor to
Databases
adding to search list
assigning to databases
changing order searched
convert files in
creating
creating tar files of
managing tables in
removing from search list
search list for
setting default writable
setting names for
setting screen icon display
setting up in configuration files
setting writable
structure of
types of
viewing information about
Data-driven full-vehicle analysis
Default of Welcome dialog box
Default writable database
Defining
activity for actuators
environment variables
limits for actuators
private repository
site repository
Degrees, converting to radians
Deleting road geometry
Dependency control
Details of GENDISP
Dialog boxes
about creating and modifying
accessing programming tools for
cleaning variables in
clearing fields in
commands in
creating for templates
error handling
objects in
setting resizing
sizing and layout of
specifications for
start,execute, finish commands
Differential communicator class
Differential gear
about
dialog box
Disc-brake system, template
1
,
2
Displaying
Database Navigator
toolbars
Welcome dialog box
Dive braking/lift braking
Double-wishbone suspension, about
Drift analysis
about
dialog box
Driveline activity, toggle
Driver control data (.dcd) files
creating
example of
introducing
referencing
structure of
Driving Machine
benefits of
data flow in
introducing
limitations of
steps in using
uses of
Dynamic loadcase fingerprint generator
E
Echo command
Editing files with text editor
Ellipsoid geometry
about
End conditions, specifying
Environment variables
defining
redefining
Error
handling in dialog boxes
handling in macros
setting condition in dialog boxes
Examples
configuration files
plot configuration file
running analysis and creating macro
suspension loadcase file
using GENDISP
wheel-envelope input file
wheel-envelope output file
Executables
Execution commands in dialog boxes
Expert users
about
management tasks and tools
setting access
Extension, returning file
External-files analysis
about
dialog box
F
Feedback channels
application example
as symmetrical pairs
example naming scheme
set function, about
set offset, about
File functions
Files
creating tar
returning base name
returning extension of
returning in operating system format
returning names of
Functions
cdb_input2file
Fingerprints
dynamic loadcase fingerprint generator
Finish commands in dialog boxes
Fish-hook analysis
about
dialog box
Fixed joint
Flexible LCA double-wishbone suspension, about
Force characteristics
bumpstops
reboundstops
Force elements
Forces
computation of damping
computation of stiffness
Fore-aft wheel center stiffness
Format of
configuration files
plot configuration files
Frequency sweep component analysis
Front-view swing arm length and angle
Full-vehicle analysis
acceleration, about
acceleration, dialog box
braking, about
braking, dialog box
braking-in-turn, about
braking-in-turn, dialog box
constant-radius cornering, about
constant-radius cornering, dialog box
cornering with steer release, about
cornering with steer release, dialog box
data driven
dcf driven, about
dcf driven, dialog box
drift, dialog box
fish hook, about
fish hook, dialog box
impulse steer, about
impulse steer, dialog box
ISO lane change, about
ISO lane change, dialog box
lift-off turn-in, about
lift-off turn-in, dialog box
path pptimization, dialog box
power-off cornering, about
power-off cornering, dialog box
power-off straight-line, about
power-off straight-line, dialog box
quasi-static constant-radius cornering, about
quasi-static constant-radius cornering, dialog box
quasi-static constant-velocity cornering, about
quasi-static constant-velocity cornering, dialog box
quasi-static force-moment, about
quasi-static force-moment, dialog box
quasi-static straight-line acceleration, about
quasi-static straight-line acceleration, dialog box
ramp steer, about
ramp steer, dialog box
running
Sandbed
setting up
single lane change, about
single lane change, dialog box
SS event manual set-up
step steer, about
step steer, dialog box
swept-sine steer, about
swept-sine steer, dialog box
tilt table, dialog box
Full-Vehicle Analysis
Braking on Split mu
Maintain
Static Equilibrium
Static Vehicle Set-Up
Full-vehicle assembly, create new
Full-vehicle events
static vehicle characteristics
understeer budget calculations
Functions
ac_info_mass
cdb_alias2path
cdb_input2base
cdb_input2ext
cdb_input2full
cdb_runtime_path_port
convert_from_units
convert_to_radians
convert_units
model_class_exists
str_assembly_class
str_char_swap
str_filename
str_model_class
str_prefix
str_remove
str_replace
str_typecheck
subsystem_hdr_major_role
subsystem_hdr_minor_role
subsystem_lookup
subsystem_role_exists
template_hdr_major_role
units_to_mks
G
Gears
about
modify (Standard Interface)
reduction, dialog box
GENDISP
adding new subroutines to
conventions for using
details
example of
overview
subroutines supported
testing
General Actuation Analysis
Actuation Input File Open
Actuation Input File Save
Submit Analysis
General data elements
introducing
General parameters
about
General part
about
General variables
introducing
Geometry
arm geometry
components list
cylinder geometry
ellipsoid geometry
outline geometry
Getting information
about assemblies
about subsystems
Global reference frame
H
Handling errors
in dialog boxes
in macros
Hardpoints
about
defining symmetrically
modifying
Height
limiting dialog box
specifications for dialog boxes
Hooke joint
I
Ideal steer angle
Impulse-steer analysis
about
dialog box
Information
showing in Database Navigator
Information window
accessing
clearing
displaying text file in
Inline joint
Inplane joint
Input communicators
about
dialog box
Instance definition
Integer parameter communicator class
Interface
about customizing
example of custom file
modes
parts - dialog box
parts, about
saving changes
ISO lane-change analysis
about
dialog box
ISO road course, about
J
Joint communicator class
Joint-force actuators
application example
example naming scheme
selecting joints for
Joint-for-motion communicator class
Joints
convel
cylindrical
defined
fixed
inline
inplane
orientation
parallel_axes
perpendicular
planar
revolute
spherical
translational
K
Keywords for configuration files
Kingpin inclination angle
Kingpin location
L
Lateral acceleration output option
Lateral force
Layout of dialog boxes
Leaf spring editor
axle information
bushing
command window
general information
geometry
leaf clips
leaf eyehook
leaves
shackle information
Leafspring preprocessor
beam element flowchart
using in a model
Libraries
creating and using Adams/Solver
creating and using Adams/View
customizing Adams/Solver
customizing Adams/View
linking in user subroutines
using object
Lift/squat acceleration
Lift-off turn-in analysis
about
dialog box
Linear dampers
about
Linear springs
formulation
Link
create/modify (Template Builder)
geometry
modify (Standard Interface)
Loadcase analysis
about
dialog box
Loadcase Data File Editor
Loadcase file
Loading plugins
Local variables
Location communicator class
Location specifications for dialog boxes
Log file
updating
using
viewing
M
MacPherson suspension, template
1
,
2
Macros
accessing programming tools for
defined
error handling
extending using utility functions
saving changes
setting echoing
uses of
using local variables in
using parameters in
viewing existing
Major roles
about
adding to template
in test-rig templates
returning subsystem
returning template
Makeleaf program
Management tasks
about
accessing tools for
Managing
databases through configuration files
property files
tables
test rigs
Marker communicator class
Mass
adjusting automatically
Matches, checking in strings
Menus, creating custom
Mini-maneuver blocks
creating
specifying actuator type
specifying control method
Minor roles
adding
in test-rig templates
of communicators
returning subsystem
Miscellaneous functions
MNF (See Modal neutral files)
Modal flexibility
Modal neutral files (MNF)
Model class
in test-rig templates
returning
Model topology
display by connections
display by part
viewing
viewing graphically
model_class_exists function
Models, returning class of
Modifying
air springs
bumpstops
bushings
dampers
dialog boxes
reboundstops
springs
Motion communicator class
1
,
2
Mount communicator
class
warnings during assembly
Mount parts
about
Multi-link suspension, template
1
,
2
N
Names
returning base name of files
returning file
Naming conventions
for communicators
for components
for interface changes
for macros
for subroutines
Nonlinear beam
about
Nonlinear couplers
Nonlinear dampers
Nonlinear spring formulation
O
Object information
Object libraries
Objects
in dialog boxes
showing associativity
showing information
Opening
assemblies, about
subsystem
subsystems, about
template, dialog box
templates, about
Operating system, returning file in proper format for
Opposite wheel-travel analysis
about
dialog box
Organizing executables and binaries
Orientation communicator class
Orientation joint
Orientation options for construction frames
Outline geometry
about
dialog box
Output communicators
dialog box
Output of result files
Outside turn diameter
P
Parallel wheel-travel analysis
about
dialog box
Parallel_axes joint
Parallel-link steering system, template
Parameter variable
types of
Parameters in macros
Parameters of commands
Part communicator class
Path Optimization
dialog box
Paths
returning database
returning table
Percent ackerman
Percent anti-dive braking/percent anti-lift braking
Percent anti-lift acceleration/percent anti-squat acceleration
Perpendicular joint
PITCH_RATE
Pitman arm steering system, template
Planar joint
Plot configuration files
creating
creating plots using
described
example of
format of
view plots defined in
Plot data block
Plot-curve data block
Plots, viewing with configuration files
Plugin configuration files
Plugins - loading/unloading
Point-point actuators
application example
example naming scheme
selecting joints for
Point-torque actuators
application example
example naming scheme
selecting joints for
Portion of string, removing
Power-off cornering analysis
about
dialog box
Power-off straight-line analysis
about
dialog box
Powertrain system, template
Prefixes
for Adams/Car entities
for geometry entities
returning
Printer fonts
Private configuration files
about
environment variables for
Private database
Private repository
defining in UNIX
defining in Windows
Product information
Property files
bumpstop
in file hierarchy
managing through configuration files
modifying for component
reboundstop
spring
Publishing
assemblies, about
subsystems, about
Push buttons
about
dialog box
Q
Quad-link axle suspension, template
Quasi-static constant-radius cornering analysis
about
dialog box
Quasi-static constant-velocity cornering analysis
about
dialog box
Quasi-static force-moment analysis
about
dialog box
Quasi-static straight-line acceleration analysis
about
dialog box
R
Rack and pinion steering system, template
1
,
2
Ramp (corkscrew)
Ramp-steer analysis
dialog box
Ramp-steer analysis about
Real parameter communicator class
Rear driveline system, template
1
,
2
Reboundstops
about creating
about modifying
calculation of force characteristics
introducing
property files
Reduction gears
about
dialog box
Registry editor
Removing
base name from string
databases from search list
string
subsystems
Replacing
instance definition
string
subsystems
Replacing image
on Exit dialog box
on Welcome dialog box
Repositories
creating for objects
setting for binaries and executables
Requests
about
Resizing of dialog boxes
Result files output
Returning
conversion factor
database paths
file extension
file names
filename in operating system format
prefix of string
table paths
Revolute joint
Ride rate
Ride steer
Rigid chassis, template
Rise-to-curb
Road geometry
Roles
of communicators
returning minor
returning subsystem major
returning template major
Roll and vertical force analysis
about
dialog box
Roll camber coefficient
Roll caster coefficient
Roll center location
Roll steer
ROLL_RATE
S
Saving
assemblies, about
changes to macros
interface changes
subsystems, about
templates, about
templates, dialog box
test-rig templates
Screen fonts
Screen icon display
how to
Scrub radius
SDI test-rig communicators
Search list
about
adding databases to
removing databases from
Search order
about
defined
potential problems with
using menus to change
Setting
actuator activity, about
actuator function, about
databases through configuration files
default writable database
function for actuators
function for feedback channels
log file information
names for databases
object appearance
offset for feedback channels
orientation of global reference frame
screen and printer fonts
screen icon display
side preferences
suspension parameters
user access
writable database
Setting toe and camber values
in Standard Interface
in Template Builder
Setting up
test rig component analysis
Shared configuration files
Shared database
Side preferences
Side-view angle
Side-view swing arm length and angle
Simple anti-roll bar system, template
Single character, changing in string
Single wheel-travel analysis
about
dialog box
Single-lane change analysis
about
dialog box
Site configuration files
Site manager
Site repository
defining in UNIX
defining in Windows
Size
of dialog boxes
specifications for dialog boxes
SmartDriver
computing controls
feedback control
feed-forward control
trajectory planning
Solver preference for full vehicle
Solver routines
User coupler
User differential equation subroutines
User field element subroutines
User Gforce subroutines
User motion subroutines
User Sforce subroutines
User SIMULATE/STATIC routines
User variable subroutines
User vtorque subroutines
User-Control
Spherical joint
Spline communicator class
Springs
creating
linear formulation
modify, about
nonlinear formulation
property files
SS event manual set-up full-vehicle analysis
Standard database table entries
Standard Interface
about
starting
Standard users
about
management tasks and tools
setting access
Start commands in dialog boxes
Starting
Standard Interface
Template Builder
Static loads analysis
about
dialog box
Static solver funnel for .acf files
Static vehicle characteristics
Static Vehicle Set-Up Analysis
Steer angle
Steer axis computation
Steer axis offset
Steering analysis
about
dialog box
Steering characteristics
ackerman
ackerman angle
ackerman error
caster moment arm
ideal steer angle
outside turn diameter
percent ackerman
scrub radius
steer angle
steer axis offset
turn radius
Step steer analysis
about
dialog box
Stiffness, computation of forces
Storing interface objects and macros
str_assembly_class function
str_char_swap function
str_filename function
str_model_class functions
str_prefix function
str_remove function
str_replace function
str_typecheck function
String
changing single character
checking match
functions
replacing
returning model class
returning prefix for
stripping to base name
trimming
Stripping, string to base name
Strut modeling
Submit Analysis
Subroutines
adding to GENDISP
conventions for GENDISP
naming conventions
supported with GENDISP
using GENDISP
subsystem_hdr_major_role function
subsystem_hdr_minor_role function
subsystem_lookup function
subsystem_role_exists function
Subsystems
adding to assembly
closing
creating
getting info about
in file hierarchy
minor roles
modes
publishing
removing
replacing
returning major role of
saving
setting activity
synchronizing
updating
Suspension analyses
external files, dialog box
loadcase, about
opposite wheel travel, about
opposite wheel travel, dialog box
parallel wheel travel, about
parallel wheel travel, dialog box
roll & vertical force, about
roll & vertical force, dialog box
running
setting suspension parameters
setting up
single wheel travel, about
single wheel travel, dialog box
static loads, about
static loads, dialog box
steering, about
steering, dialog box
wheel envelope, about
Suspension assembly, create new
Suspension characteristics
aligning torque
camber angle
caster angle
dive braking/lift braking
fore-aft wheel center stiffness
front-view swing arm length and angle
kingpin inclination angle
kingpin location
lateral force
lift/squat acceleration
list of
percent anti-dive braking/percent anti-lift braking
percent anti-lift acceleration/percent anti-squat acceleration
ride rate
ride steer
roll camber coefficient
roll caster coefficient
roll center location
roll steer
side-view angle
side-view swing arm length and angle
suspension roll rate
toe angle
total roll rate
total track
wheel rate
Suspension Design Module (SDM)
steering arm length
steering arm toggle angle
Suspension loadcase file, example of
Suspension parameter array
Suspension parameters
Suspension roll rate
Suspension test rig
benefits of using
communicators
introducing
structure of
SVC
creating dataset
definition of compliance matrix
executing
output
output parameters
Swept-sine steer analysis
about
dialog box
Switching interface modes
Syntax rules
for entering commands
for entering values
System commands
System elements
T
Tables
creating
entries for Adams/Car
returning full path of
standard entries
Tar files
Template Builder
about
starting
template_hdr_major_role function
Templates
about
closing, about
conventions in descriptions
converting into test rigs
creating topology for
creating, about
designing
disc-brake system
1
,
2
double-wishbone suspension
flexible LCA double-wishbone suspension
in file hierarchy
ISO road course
location of
MacPherson suspension
1
,
2
multi-link suspension
1
,
2
opening, about
parallel-link steering system
1
,
2
pitman arm steering system
powertrain system
quad-link axle suspension
rack and pinion steering system
1
,
2
rear driveline system
1
,
2
returning major role of
rigid chassis
saving, about
simple anti-roll bar system
tire system
torsion bar double-wishbone suspension
1
,
2
trailing arm suspension
twist beam suspension
Testing
communicators
GENDISP
Test-rig templates
about
adding to binaries
creating
major role in
managing
minor role in
model class in
saving
test-rig class in
working process
tilt table
dialog box
Tire system, template
Tire’s road data file
Title in view window
Toe angle
Toggle driveline activity
Toolbars - displaying
Topology
display by connections
display by part
viewing graphically
viewing model
Torsion bar double-wishbone suspension, template
1
,
2
Total roll rate
Total track
Trailing arm suspension, template
Translational joint
Trim load for air springs
Trimming string
Turn radius
Twist beam suspension, template
1
,
2
U
Understeer budget calculations
Undo block for commands
Units
convert_units
converting
converting angles
dialog box
units_to_mks
units_to_mks function
Unloading plugins
Updating assemblies
Updating subsystems
User access
about
and type of management task
checking
setting
User control subroutines
Automated suspension alignment
Fixed body equilibrium
Front suspension static vehicle characteristics (SVC)
Full Vehicle Static Vehicle Characteristics (SVC)
Ground Marker Height Adjustment
Half-vehicle rise-to-curb setting
On-center handling
Part velocity setting
Predetermined alignment value setting
Quasi-static steady-state cornering
Quasi-Static Steady-State Straight Line Acceleration/Braking Equilibrium
Quasi-static steady-state swept steer equilibrium
Rear suspension static vehicle characteristics (SVC)
Ride height auto-alignment
Rotational to translational couplers using splines
Static Steady-State Cornering Equilibrium
Static steady-state straight line equilibrium
Suspension measurement setup
User coupler subroutines
User differential equation subroutines
Calculation of rise-to-curb controller errors
Calculation of steady-state controller error
Calculation of traction/braking controller errors
User Gforce subroutines
GFORCE - Aerodynamic modeling
User motion subroutines
Application of random steer input
Motion time history trace routine
User Sforce subroutines
SFORCE - Aerodynamic Modeling (Motorsports Application)
Viscous coupling for powertrain models
Wheel velocity controllers for Adams
User subroutines in libraries
User units, returning conversion factor to database units
User variable subroutines
Air spring trim load calculation
Determination of marker translational velocity
Extracting request output through variable statement
Latching a variable value at a given time
Ride height marker location
Variables required for on-center handling
Wheel rotational velocity calculation during statics
User vtorque subroutines
Brake torque application
Drive torque application
Drive torque application for powertrain models
Using
libraries
macro parameters
Utility functions
V
Variable actuators
application example
example naming scheme
Variables
cleaning up
using local
using to set dialog box error condition
Vehicle
assembling
checking
Verifying commands
Viewing
database and table information
macros
plots defined in plot configuration files
screen icons
title
triad
working grid
W
Welcome dialog box
replacing image on
setting default for
setting display of
Wheel rate
Wheel-envelope analysis
Wheel-envelope input file, example of
Wheel-envelope output file, example of
Width specifications for dialog boxes
Wildcards
tips for using
using
Wizard, general part
Working directory
Writable database
Y
YAW_RATE